{"id":7541,"date":"2022-12-30T22:40:50","date_gmt":"2022-12-30T14:40:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edu.freezhao.com\/?p=7541"},"modified":"2023-01-06T19:15:10","modified_gmt":"2023-01-06T11:15:10","slug":"there-is-no-sotfware-there-are-just-service","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edu.freezhao.com\/en\/original-course\/ials\/2022\/12\/there-is-no-sotfware-there-are-just-service\/","title":{"rendered":"There is no Sotfware, there are just Services"},"content":{"rendered":"<iframe id=\"spkj\" src=\"\/\/player.bilibili.com\/player.html?aid=264435385&amp;bvid=BV1rY411U7Jb&amp;cid=941649701&amp;page=1\" scrolling=\"no\" border=\"0\" frameborder=\"no\" framespacing=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"100%\"> <\/iframe>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">  \ndocument.getElementById(\"spkj\").style.height=document.getElementById(\"spkj\").scrollWidth*0.76+\"px\";\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6ca1\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u670d\u52a1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6587\u7ae0\u6982\u51b5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u968f\u7740\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u5305\u5bb9\u91cf\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u79cd\u7c7b\u4e5f\u662f\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6837\u7684\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u5546\u54c1\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6bd4\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\uff0c\u56fe\u7247\u7b49\uff0c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u968f\u4e4b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u76d7\u7248\u4ee5\u53ca\u7248\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andrew Lison\u7684\u300aFrom Shrink Wrap to Services: The Universal Machine and Universal Exchange\u300b\u548cLiam Magee and Ned Rossite\u7684\u300aService Orientations: Data, Institutions, Labor\u300b\u4e24\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u91cc\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u4e86\u5feb\u6377\u8ba9\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u8fd9\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u719f\u6089\uff1f\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\u300221\u4e16\u7eaa\u8f6f\u4ef6\u884c\u4e1a\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411saas\uff0c\u8ba9\u8f6f\u4ef6\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u66f4\u52a0\u7684\u660e\u786e\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u53d6\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6216\u8005\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u53bb\u5236\u4f5c\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u4eba\u7fa4\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u662fsaas\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u670d\u52a1\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\uff0csaas\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u6362\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7528\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5373\u662f\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5c06\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6587\u7ae0\u8981\u5206\u4eab\u7ed9\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6587\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\u7b80\u4ecb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From Shrink Wrap to Services: The Universal Machine and Universal Exchange<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u8bb2\u8ff0\u6570\u5b57\u5a92\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u4ece\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8d85\u8d8a\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u6cdb\u5728\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5148\u524d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u662f\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5168\u7403\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u955c\u50cf\u548c\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u505a\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u6700\u7ec8\u7528\u6237\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5373\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0eUber\u548c\u8dd1\u817f\u5154\u7b49\u79fb\u52a8\u5e94\u7528\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u6b64\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684&#8221;\u670d\u52a1&#8221;\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u901a\u7528\u5a92\u4ecb\u4ece\u65e5\u76ca\u666e\u904d\u5316\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ee5\u57fa\u7279\u52d2\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u201cThere is no software\u201d\u505a\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u57fa\u7279\u52d2\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u4e07\u80fd\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff08\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u514b\u670d\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6210\u4e3a\u5546\u54c1(\u57fa\u7279\u52d21995 )\uff09\uff0c\u6765\u6269\u5145\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f3a\u800c\u6709\u529b\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8fa8\u53bb\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4f01\u4e1a\u670d\u52a1\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u53bb\u8bc1\u660e\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u672c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u63d0\u53ca20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u548c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u56fe\u5f62\u7528\u6237\u754c\u9762( GUI )\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u5176\u800c\u6765\u7684\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f7f\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u6bd4\u5b83\u6240\u8981\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u66f4\u6301\u4e45\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u89c2\u70b9\u505a\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e5f\u6839\u636e\u5e02\u573a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u4ee5\u53ca\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6280\u672f\u7684\u9769\u65b0\u63d0\u51fa\u5176\u968f\u4e4b\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ee5\u54f2\u5b66\u53c8\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53bb\u5206\u6790\u5b9e\u7269\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u4e0e\u7f3a\u70b9\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\u5531\u7247\u4e1a( BPI )\u7684&#8221;\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f55\u97f3\u662f\u627c\u6740\u97f3\u4e50&#8221; ( Home Taping is Killing Music )\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u201c\u62f7\u8d1d\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u7406\u6027\u7684\u770b\u5f85\uff0c\u5217\u4e3e\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u5bf9\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u518d\u8f93\u51fa\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Service Orientations: Data, Institutions, Labor<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5174\u8da3\u662f\u8003\u8651\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u548c\u6743\u529b\u4e89\u593a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u5efa\u6a21\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u65bd\u52a0\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c&#8221;\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5373\u670d\u52a1&#8221;\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662fIT\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5b83\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u6392\u5217\uff0c\u800c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u4ecd\u7136\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u4ee3\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u5916\u56f4\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u8005\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u6570\u636e\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u6570\u636e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u68b0\u6392\u5217\u7684\u65b0\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5176\u8fd0\u4f5c\u88ab\u62bd\u8c61\u5230\u7b26\u53f7\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9886\u57df\u672c\u7ae0\u8282\u4f1a\u7740\u91cd\u89e3\u91ca\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u66f4\u8fdb\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u8ddf\u8fdb\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u56f4\u7ed5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u5bf9\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u63d0\u53ca\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5305\u542b\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4ece\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7f51\u683c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6392\u5217\u7684\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u6280\u672f\u5728\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u548c\u67e5\u8be2\u65b9\u9762\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u62bd\u8c61\u6a21\u677f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u4eca\u5929\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u9884\u793a\u7740Gernot 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comments<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u611f\u89c9\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd9\u8f88\u5b50\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8ba4\u8ba4\u771f\u771f\u800c\u4e14\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u82f1\u8bed\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u4e86\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u65e9\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u7814\u8bfb\uff0c\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53c8\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0cFREEZhao\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u788e\u788e\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f51\u7edc\u95ee\u9898\u88ab\u5f39\u51fa\u4f1a\u8bae\u53f7\u9694\u4e09\u5c94\u4e94\u5728\u7fa4\u91cc\u6ef4\u6ef4\u8001\u5e08\u6279\u51c6\u8fdb\u4f1a\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\uff08\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u6709\u8fc7\u7a81\u7136\u88ab\u5f39\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u54c8\u54c8\u554a\u54c8\u54c8\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f51\u7edc\u7a81\u7136\u5f88\u70c2\u5565\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u4e0a\uff0c\u611f\u89c9\u5927\u4f19\u90fd\u5f88\u96be\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u8d77\u8d77\u843d\u843d\u843d\u843d\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u75ab\u60c5\u8001\u5e08\u548c\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u9694\u7740\u4e09\u5929\u4e24\u5934\u7684\u751f\u75c5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5927\u4f19\u4e5f\u62b1\u75c5\u4e0a\u8bfe\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u603b\u80fd\u5728\u7fa4\u91cc\u4e92\u76f8\u6559\u5bfc\u5bf9\u65b9\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u5c11\u53bb\u8bf7\u6559\u8001\u5e08\uff0c\u8001\u5e08\u624d\u662f\u201c\u4e94\u8fb9\u5f62\u6218\u58eb\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6708\u7559\u7ed9\u6211\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u4e2d\uff0c\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u516d\u5341\u662f\u6211\u8bfb\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u5341\u4e94\u662f\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u8001\u5e08\uff0c\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u5341\u4e94\u662f\u9760\u8c31\u7684\u7ec4\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u5341\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u3002\u8c8c\u4f3c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e73\u51e1\u91cc\u9762\u53c8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u8ba9\u4eba\u4e00\u76f4\u8bb0\u4f4f\u7684\u5c0f\u65e5\u5e38\uff0c\u8001\u5e08\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u8fc7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5f88\u9177\u8bf6\uff01\uff01\uff01\u4ee5\u53ca\u67d0\u540c\u5b66\u90a3\u4f1a\u62c9\u5c4e\u7684\u732b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67d0\u540c\u5b66\u4e0a\u8bfe\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5979\u7684\u732b\u8dd1\u5979\u7535\u8111\u4e0a\u4e86\uff01\u7a81\u7136\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6b21\u7684\u8bfe\u5802\u732b\u54aa\u8fd9\u751f\u7269\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u4ece\u8001\u5e08\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u8bfe\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u4eab\u4ed6\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u526f\u521b\u4f5c\u4e0a\u8c8c\u4f3c\u6709\u732b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7fa4\u91cc\u65f6\u4e0d\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u804a\u5230\u732b\uff0c\u732b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba9\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u8f7b\u5feb\u6109\u60a6\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\u7684\u8bfe\u5802\u7ed9\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5427\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u4e0d\u5e73\u51e1\uff08\u6bcf\u4eba\u53d1\u70e7\u4e00\u6b21\uff09\u4f46\u662f\u53c8\u8f7b\u677e\u6109\u60a6\u5e76\u4e14\u8ba9\u4eba\u56de\u5473\u65e0\u7a77\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u5174\u80fd\u6765\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bfe\u5802\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u9ad8\u5174\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8001\u5e08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u53ef\u7231\u7231\u7684\u540c\u5b66\uff0c\u771f\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u5f00\u5fc3\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u539f\u6587<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Andrew Lison\uff0cLiam Magee and Ned Rossiter\uff082015\uff09From Shrink Wrap to Services: The Universal Machine and Universal Exchange\uff1bService Orientations: Data, Institutions, Labor.<em>There is no Software, there are just Services<\/em>. (58-91).<meta charset=\"utf-8\"><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6ca1\u6709\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u670d\u52a1 \u6587\u7ae0\u6982\u51b5 \u968f\u7740\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u5305\u5bb9\u91cf\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5bf9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":237,"featured_media":7554,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[464,44],"tags":[599,96,542],"class_list":["post-7541","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-original-course","category-ials","tag-software-history","tag-guojiwenxianyandu","tag-ruan-jian"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - 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