{"id":9814,"date":"2023-06-30T23:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-06-30T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edu.freezhao.com\/?p=9814"},"modified":"2023-07-10T11:48:48","modified_gmt":"2023-07-10T03:48:48","slug":"the-international-handbook-on-innovation-14-14","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edu.freezhao.com\/en\/uncategorized\/2023\/06\/the-international-handbook-on-innovation-14-14\/","title":{"rendered":"The International Handbook on Innovation 14\/14\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<iframe id=\"spkj\" src=\"\/\/player.bilibili.com\/player.html?aid=487915385&#038;bvid=BV11N411U7yG&#038;cid=1180748277&#038;page=1\" scrolling=\"no\" border=\"0\" frameborder=\"no\" framespacing=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"100%\"> <\/iframe>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">  \ndocument.getElementById(\"spkj\").style.height=document.getElementById(\"spkj\").scrollWidth*0.76+\"px\";\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5fb7\u56fd\u5730\u533a\u521b\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6982\u8ff0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u662f\u7531Larisa V. Shavinina\u6240\u7f16The International Handbook on Innovation Part.XIII Chapther.10 The National German Innovation System: Its Development in Different Governmental and Territorial Structures\u7684\u5bfc\u8bfb\uff0c\u7531Hariolf Grupp, Ic\u00edar Domingue-Lacasa and Monika Friedrich-Nishio \u6240\u8457\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u4eca\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u76f8\u5173\u6307\u6807\u5728\u5185\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u6765\u8003\u5bdf\u5fb7\u56fd\u521b\u65b0\u6d3b\u52a8\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6240\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u81ea1850\u5e74\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u8054\u90a6\u4e4b\u59cb\uff0c\u52301990\u5e74\u73b0\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u524d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u8861\u91cf\u6807\u51c6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u79d1\u5b66\u652f\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u79d1\u5b66\u652f\u51fa\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u521b\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u5bf9\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5730\u533a\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u3001\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u652f\u51fa\u8c03\u67e5\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u91d1\u878d\u603b\u91cf\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u76f8\u5f53\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u6301\u4e45\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4ea7\u91cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u6307\u6807\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u4efd\u989d\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u51fa\u7248\u603b\u91cf\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u589e\u957f\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u51b7\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8def\u5f84\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u4e1c\u5fb7\u4e0e\u897f\u5fb7\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6709\u7740\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e1c\u5fb7\u4ee4\u4eba\u9057\u61be\u7684\u201c\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u548c\u6574\u5408\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e13\u5229\u7533\u8bf7\u3001\u6388\u6743\u91cf<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u4ea7\u91cf\u6ce2\u52a8\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4e1c\u5fb7\u548c\u897f\u5fb7\u5728\u7edf\u4e00\u4e4b\u524d\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\uff1b1990 \u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d70\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6d89\u53ca\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\uff08PPP\uff09<\/strong>\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7269\u4ef7\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u5728PPP\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u7bee\u5b50\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6c47\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u9690\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08&#8221;tacit&#8221; experienced knowledge\uff09<\/strong>\u662f\u6307\u4e2a\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u6240\u6301\u6709\u7684\u3001\u96be\u4ee5\u660e\u786e\u8868\u8fbe\u6216\u4f20\u6388\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u76f4\u89c9\u3001\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u3001\u96be\u4ee5\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u6216\u660e\u786e\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8def\u5f84\u4f9d\u8d56\uff08path dependence\uff09<\/strong>\u662f\u6307\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u548c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4ea7\u751f\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8def\u5f84\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u201c\u9501\u5b9a\u201d\u6216\u201c\u60ef\u6027\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u5185\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u975e\u5e38\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u5fb7\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u62b5\u6297\u6027\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5fb7\u56fd\u521b\u65b0\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5916\u90e8\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u592a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u8d27\u5e01\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd8\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7fa4\u4f53\u8ba4\u540c\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u6d41\u6d3e\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ea4\u6d41\u7b49\u8f6f\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u8d27\u5e01\u6fc0\u52b1\u5236\u5ea6\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5370\u8bb0\u53ea\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u88ab\u5206\u6790\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u521b\u65b0\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u7531\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u6cd5\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u82f1\u5fb7\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u521b\u65b0\u6bd4\u8f83<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6982\u8ff0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u662fPart.XIII Chapther.11 Frankenstein Futures? German and British Biotechnology Compared\u7684\u5bfc\u8bfb\uff0c\u7531Rebecca Harding\u8457\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u4ece\u7814\u53d1\u57fa\u672c\u652f\u51fa\u548c\u523a\u6fc0\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u548c\u96c6\u7fa4\u5316\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u9762\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u82f1\u5fb7\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u9886\u57df\u7b80\u4ecb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u201d\u96c6\u7fa4\u201c\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u201d\u8d76\u8d85\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u82f1\u5fb7\u6bd4\u8f83<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fdb\u884c\u82f1\u5fb7\u6bd4\u8f83\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u6709\u7740\u6b27\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u90e8\u95e8\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e24\u56fd\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5171\u540c\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u8d70\u5411\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u5f02<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u4e3b\u5bfc\uff1b\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u7b56\u52aa\u529b\u5728\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u521b\u9020\u5e02\u573a\u800c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u652f\u6301\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u878d\u8d44\u7f3a\u53e3<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\u5177\u6709\u98ce\u9669\uff1a\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\uff0c\u4e14\u6210\u672c\u6602\u8d35\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6b27\u6d32\u5e02\u573a\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\uff0c\u98ce\u9669\u8d44\u672c\u5e02\u573a\u75b2\u8f6f\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u878d\u8d44\u91cd\u70b9\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a\u653f\u7b56\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u7b56\u964d\u4f4e\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u8d44\u91d1\u4f9d\u8d56\u7ba1\u7406\u5c42\u6536\u8d2d\uff08MBO\uff09\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u5c42\u4e70\u5165\uff08MBI\uff09\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u6295\u8d44\u9886\u57df\u7684\u878d\u8d44\u7f3a\u53e3\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u77e5\u8bc6\u7f3a\u53e3<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u672c\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u6570\u91cf\u65b9\u9762\u9700\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u201c\u4e34\u754c\u8d28\u91cf\u201d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u6982\u5ff5\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u5e76\u63a8\u5411\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u906d\u9047\u5404\u79cd\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u5982\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u516c\u53f8\u62e5\u6709\u521d\u59cb\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u9ad8\u7d20\u8d28\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u5730\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u65bd\uff09\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u884c\u653f\u53ca\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u7b56\u91cd\u70b9<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6e90\u81ea\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6e90\u81ea\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u5236\u836f\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5236\u836f\u4e1a\u4fdd\u6301\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\u652f\u6301\u6b64\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u662f\u5236\u836f\u884c\u4e1a\u7ade\u4e89\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f01\u4e1a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u6e90\u201d\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u5b66\u5468\u8fb9\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u4e92\u76f8\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u5230\u5de5\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5171\u751f\u5f20\u529b\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u653f\u7b56\u6bd4\u8f83<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u76d1\u7ba1\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u663e\u7740\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5fb7\u56fd\u6846\u67b6\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5d4c\u5165\u4e86\u5176\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u82f1\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u754c\u5b9a\u5728\u533a\u57df\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u533a\u57df\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u4e0a\u5341\u5206\u660e\u786e\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u878d\u8d44\u88ab\u5d4c\u5165\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u5730\u533a\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u88ab\u660e\u786e\u5206\u5de5\uff1b\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u6148\u5584\u4fe1\u6258\u57fa\u91d1\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6d89\u53ca\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u96c6\u7fa4\u6548\u5e94\uff08Cluster Effect\uff09<\/strong>\u662f\u6307\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u6216\u884c\u4e1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u4eba\u624d\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u805a\u96c6\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4fc3\u8fdb\u548c\u534f\u540c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201c\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08Anglo-Saxon model\uff09<\/strong>\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u5e02\u573a\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e02\u573a\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u79c1\u6709\u5236\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e34\u754c\u8d28\u91cf\uff08Critical Mass\uff09<\/strong>\u662f\u6307\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u6216\u89c4\u6a21\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6216\u6548\u679c\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u663e\u8457\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\u6216\u89c4\u6a21\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e34\u754c\u8d28\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u53d1\u5c55\u5728\u653f\u7b56\u5c42\u9762\u53d7\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u533a\u57df\u521b\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6280\u672f\u4e13\u957f\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u6587\u732e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u6587\u732e\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\uff09\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e24\u56fd\u96c6\u7fa4\u53d1\u5c55\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u7565\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u800c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u7565\u66f4\u52a0\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u5404\u6709\u5176\u5408\u7406\u6027\u548c\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u66f4\u52a0\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u8ffd\u8d76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u533a\u57df\u662f\u5236\u5b9a\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u9002\u5f53\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8f7d\u4f53\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u91cf\u8d44\u91d1\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8d44\u91d1\u662f\u5173\u952e\u2014\u2014\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u6602\u8d35\u4e14\u7f51\u7edc\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">21\u4e16\u7eaa\u79d1\u6280\u521b\u65b0\u524d\u666f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6982\u8ff0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u662fPart.XIV Future Innovations in Science and Technology\u7684\u5bfc\u8bfb\uff0c\u7531Joseph F. Coates\u8457\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u672c\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u6240\u5728\u5e74\u4efd\uff082003\uff09\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u6982\u51b5\u53ca\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u51fa\u7248\u5e74\u4ee3\u8ddd\u4eca\u8f83\u4e3a\u4e45\u8fdc\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u6548\u6027\u4f7f\u6587\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\u5728\u73b0\u4eca\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u540c\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u90e8\u5206\u9886\u57df\uff08\u5982\u57fa\u56e0\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u533b\u7597\u53ca\u75be\u75c5\u9884\u9632\u4e0a\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff09\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Part.1  \u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u3001\u8111\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u3001\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u80fd\u6e90\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u751f\u6001\u548c\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Part.2  \u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u3001\u571f\u6728\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e0e\u5efa\u7b51\u571f\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0e\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u548c\u4f4f\u5b85\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u79d1\u6280\u6280\u672f\u6b63\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u65e9\u671f\u6269\u5f20\u9020\u6210\u7684\u7834\u574f\u5c06\u5728\u672a\u6765\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u4f46\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5c06\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u672a\u6765\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u601d\u8003<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6982\u8ff0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u662fPart.XV Research on Innovation at the Beginning of the 21st Century: What Do We Know About It?\u7684\u5bfc\u8bfb\uff0c\u7531Larry R. 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u521b\u65b0\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u7bad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u521b\u9020\u529b\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u529b\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u827a\u672f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4e16\u754c\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u6784\u60f3\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u73b0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u6700\u7a00\u6709\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u970d\u91d1\uff08StephenHawking\uff0c1988\uff09\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u6307\u660e\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u7bad\u5934\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comments<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u6211\u7c97\u7565\u5730\u5bf9\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u6709\u4e86\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u611f\u8c22FREEZhao\u8425\u9020\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6c1b\u56f4\u548c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u4eab\u4e0e\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u9605\u8bfb\u901f\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u975e\u5e38\u6162\u7684\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f46\u4e07\u5e78\u8fd8\u662f\u4ea4\u4e0a\u4f5c\u4e1a\u4e86\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8fd8\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4ece\u524d\u672a\u66fe\u542c\u8fc7\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u611f\u8c22FREEZhao\uff08\u8c22\u8c22\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u64c5\u957fPresentation\u7684\u4e34\u573a\u53d1\u6325\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5185\u5bb9\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u90fd\u5728\u5bfc\u8bfb\u6587\u5b57\u91cc\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e86\uff0c\u8fde\u5e26\u5206\u4eab\u6ca1\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5e0c\u671b\u5927\u5bb6\u9605\u8bfb\u6109\u5feb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u539f\u6587<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Shavinina, L. V. (Ed.). (2003). <em>The International Handbook on Innovation<\/em> (1st edition). Pergamon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5fb7\u56fd\u5730\u533a\u521b\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d1\u5c55 \u6982\u8ff0 \u672c\u6587\u662f\u7531Larisa V. Shavinina\u6240\u7f16The Internation [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":268,"featured_media":241,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[464,44,39],"tags":[1081,1067,1065,1063,1061,1060,1062,1066,1064],"class_list":["post-9814","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-original-course","category-ials","category-uncategorized","tag-1081","tag-biotechnology","tag-british","tag-germen","tag-innovation-system","tag-1060","tag-1062","tag-1066","tag-1064"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The International Handbook on Innovation 14\/14\u00a0 - FREEZhao Education<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/edu.freezhao.com\/en\/uncategorized\/2023\/06\/the-international-handbook-on-innovation-14-14\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The International Handbook on Innovation 14\/14\u00a0 - FREEZhao Education\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u5fb7\u56fd\u5730\u533a\u521b\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d1\u5c55 \u6982\u8ff0 \u672c\u6587\u662f\u7531Larisa V. 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