{"id":9933,"date":"2023-06-30T19:00:11","date_gmt":"2023-06-30T11:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edu.freezhao.com\/?p=9933"},"modified":"2023-07-10T11:48:52","modified_gmt":"2023-07-10T03:48:52","slug":"the-international-handbook-on-innovation-10-14","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edu.freezhao.com\/en\/original-course\/ials\/2023\/06\/the-international-handbook-on-innovation-10-14\/","title":{"rendered":"The International Handbook on Innovation 10\/14"},"content":{"rendered":"<iframe id=\"spkj\" src=\"\/\/player.bilibili.com\/player.html?aid=742837540&#038;bvid=BV1rk4y1T7gJ&#038;cid=1179881227&#038;page=1\" scrolling=\"no\" border=\"0\" frameborder=\"no\" framespacing=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"100%\"> <\/iframe>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">  \ndocument.getElementById(\"spkj\").style.height=document.getElementById(\"spkj\").scrollWidth*0.76+\"px\";\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The International Handbook on Innovation  10\/14<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u62ec5\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c06\u6309\u5176\u5728\u539fhandbook\u4e2d\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7bc7\u7b80\u8981\u53d9\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.4\u300aInnovation Processes in Transnational Corporations\u300b \u521b\u65b0\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u4e2d\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Linear and Non-Linear Models of Innovation\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u548c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7684<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u76f4\u63a5\u9002\u7528\u6027\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u62c9\u529b\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7ecf\u5178\u79d1\u5b66\u63a8\u529b\u3002\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u8fd8\u5047\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u521b\u65b0\u5e8f\u5217<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5e02\u573a\u9700\u6c42\u662f\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e2d\u89e6\u53d1\u521b\u65b0\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u5e02\u573a\u8425\u9500\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The market-driven model\u5e02\u573a\u9a71\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u9886\u5148\u7528\u6237\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7528\u6237\u548c\u5ba2\u6237\u4f5c\u4e3a\u521b\u65b0\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u9886\u5148\u7528\u6237\u662f\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\u7cbe\u660e\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\uff0c\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u6539\u8fdb\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u65b0\u5174\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u5145\u5f53\u6f6e\u6d41\u5f15\u9886\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cloudy-to-Component Process for Modular Innovations in Multinational Companies\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u7684&#8221;\u4ece\u4e91\u5230\u7ec4\u4ef6&#8221;\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Inputs to the Cloudy Phase<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8fd9\u662f\u662f\u521b\u610f\u4ea7\u751f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5e94\u5f53\u786e\u4fdd\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e3a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6784\u601d\u4e3b\u8981\u4ea7\u54c1\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3b\u8981\u7cfb\u7edf\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5185\u90e8\u95ee\u9898\u538b\u529b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9879\u76ee\u521b\u610f\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u5e02\u573a\u62c9\u52a8\u548c\u6280\u672f\u63a8\u52a8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\uff08\u957f\u8fdc\u53d1\u5c55\u773c\u5149\u548c\u8ffd\u6c42\u8fd1\u671f\u5229\u6da6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u9700\u8981\u5bfb\u6c42\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5f71\u54cd\u521b\u610f\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>technology\u79d1\u6280<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>market determinants\u5e02\u573a\u56e0\u7d20<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>location-specific problems and pressures\u5f53\u5730\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u538b\u529b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>low capacity utilization \u4f4e\u4ea7\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u7387<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>financial difficulties\u8d22\u653f\u56f0\u96be<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fashion trends\u65f6\u5c1a\u6f6e\u6d41\u8d8b\u52bf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8be5\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u63a2\u7d22\u57fa\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u8c03\u7814\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5982\u9762\u677f\u8c03\u7814\u3001\u7126\u70b9\u5c0f\u7ec4\u8bbf\u8c08\u3001\u9500\u552e\u548c\u5206\u9500<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u516c\u53f8-\u5916\u90e8\u5e02\u573a\u62c9\u52a8\uff08\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6280\u672f\u63a8\u52a8\uff08\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u516c\u53f8-\u5185\u90e8\u95ee\u9898\u63a8\u52a8\uff08\u5c40\u90e8\u5730\u4f4d\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u591a\u4e91\u548c\u6210\u5206\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Examples of the C-to-C Process in Industry<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5316\u5de5\u884c\u4e1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u533b\u836f\u884c\u4e1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u901a\u7528\u6c7d\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\u79f0\u4e3a&#8221;\u6ce1\u6cab\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b&#8221;\uff0c\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u63a8\u52a8\u548c\u4ee3\u8868\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u6218\u7565\u91c7\u8d2d\u548c\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8425\u9500\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Intralocal Versus Interlocal Execution in the C-to-C Phases \u672c\u5730\u6267\u884c\u4e0e\u8de8\u5730\u533a\u6267\u884c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7814\u53d1\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u53d1\u5355\u5143\u3001\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u548c\u5ba2\u6237\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5730\u7406\u90bb\u8fd1\u6027\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u521b\u65b0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7814\u53d1\u4e0e\u540e\u671f\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u5b58\u5728\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u672c\u5730\u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5173\u952e\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u6027\u53d7\u9650\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u9879\u76ee\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5206\u6563\u6027\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u8de8\u5730\u533a\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6784\u6210\u9636\u6bb5\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Building Blocks for Improving the \u2018Cloudy\u2019 Phase in Transnational Innovation\u4e3a\u6539\u5584\u8de8\u56fd\u521b\u65b0\u4e2d\u7684&#8221;\u591a\u4e91&#8221;\u9636\u6bb5\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Intensive Idea Flow and Workflow Systems\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6d41\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7cfb\u7edf<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Good Ideas Require Good Promotion\u597d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u9700\u8981\u597d\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bottleneck Product Profitability Calculation\u74f6\u9888\u4ea7\u54c1\u76c8\u5229\u80fd\u529b\u8ba1\u7b97<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Project Approval: Rational Criteria Versus Politics\u9879\u76ee\u5ba1\u6279\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>System Architecture as a Critical Success Factor\u7cfb\u7edf\u67b6\u6784\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u6210\u529f\u56e0\u7d20<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u56db.System Management to Speed Up the Component Phase in Transnational Innovation\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u52a0\u5feb\u8de8\u56fd\u521b\u65b0\u4e2d\u7684\u90e8\u4ef6\u9636\u6bb5<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Goal Conflicts in Teams Jeopardize Project Success<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Know-How Redundancy and the Need for Generalists\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u5197\u4f59\u548c\u5bf9\u901a\u624d\u7684\u9700\u8981\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u9080\u8bf7\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u534f\u5546\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u7684\u6295\u5165\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u65e2\u652f\u6301\u901a\u624d\u53c8\u652f\u6301\u4e13\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e3e\u4f8b\uff1aA\u3001B\u3001C\u56e2\u961f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6280\u672f\u754c\u9762\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u8fd8\u5177\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u9ad8\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5ea6\u610f\u5473\u7740\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6210\u672c\u548c\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u6548\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u7ecf\u7406\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u5b89\u5168\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u98ce\u9669\u89c4\u907f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Structured Engineering in the Component Phase\u6784\u4ef6\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u5de5\u7a0b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u9879\u76ee\u7ecf\u7406\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79f0\u804c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5b9e\u65bd\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u539f\u578b\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u6700\u7ec8\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7ec4\u4ef6\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u5728\u7ec4\u6210\u9636\u6bb5\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u952e\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u9879\u76ee\u7ecf\u7406\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5411\u6700\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u91cd\u91cf\u7ea7\u6307\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u679c\u6210\u529f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u9879\u76ee\u6709\u4e86\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u548c\u826f\u597d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4e3b\u7ba1\u624d\u4f1a\u5c06\u9879\u76ee\u7ba1\u7406\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u7ecf\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e94.Conclusions: Success Factors for Managing Transnational Innovation Processes\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u8de8\u56fd\u521b\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6210\u529f\u56e0\u7d20<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u56de\u987e\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u73b0\u4ee3\u8de8\u56fd\u521b\u65b0\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u65e0\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u8fd1\u4e4e\u968f\u610f\u3001\u5265\u524a\u5f0f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u8d70\u4e86\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u8def\u3002\u7ebf\u6027R &amp; D\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u65f6\u5e8f\u903b\u8f91(\u4e0d)\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u5206\u9636\u6bb5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u521b\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8de8\u56fd\u521b\u65b0\u9636\u6bb5\u5bf9\u7814\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>The creative cloudy phase<\/em>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u67d4\u548c\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6ce8\u610f\u70b9\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7ed9\u4e88\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u91cd\u89c6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>The component phase<\/em>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u91cd\u70b9\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u201dcloudy\u201c\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u76ee\u6807<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6ce8\u610f\u70b9\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u6d4b\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e24\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u9879\u76ee\u4ece\u591a\u4e91\u9636\u6bb5\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u7ec4\u4ef6\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u76c8\u5229\u80fd\u529b\u8ba1\u7b97\u5fc5\u987b\u8f85\u4e4b\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5b9a\u6027\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5982\u80fd\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u613f\u666f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8fd9\u4e9bR &amp; D\u9879\u76ee\uff08\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u8bd5\u9a8c\u53d1\u5c55\uff09\u9636\u6bb5\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5141\u8bb8\u56fd\u9645\u8d21\u732e\u8005\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5728\u521b\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6574\u5408<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u597d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5230\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u5feb\u901f\u8bc4\u4f30\u548c\u63a8\u5e7f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u521b\u610f\u751f\u6210\u9700\u8981\u73b0\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6280\u672f\u548c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u652f\u6301\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a&#8221;\u4e0e&#8221;\u521b\u9020\u6027&#8221;\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5bf9\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0d\u8981\u88ab\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u6597\u4e89\u5f71\u54cd\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u80a9\u8d1f\u8fd9\u4e00\u73af\u8282<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u521b\u65b0\u8005\u5f88\u5c11\u662f\u56e2\u961f\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.5\u300aAn Analysis of Research and Innovative Activities of Universities in the United States\u300b\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u6821\u79d1\u7814\u521b\u65b0\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u6790<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e00.\u4ea7\u5b66\u7814\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u80cc\u666f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u521b\u65b0\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u578b\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u9010\u6e10\u6539\u53d8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u8425\u9500\u4f9d\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0d\u826f\u540e\u679c\uff1a\u201c\u6ea2\u51fa\u6548\u5e94\u201d\uff08\u516c\u76ca\u6027\uff09\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8d77\u56e0\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u5b66\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d1\u5e03\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u88ab\u5546\u4eba\u5c06\u5176\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u5546\u4e1a\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u597d\u5904\u901a\u5e38\u65e0\u6cd5\u7531\u8d5e\u52a9\u5546\u6536\u96c6\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u88ab\u4e0d\u652f\u4ed8\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u672c\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Develop\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79c1\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u8f83\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u4f18\u6c34\u5e73\u8981\u5c11\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6539\u6b63\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u505a\u6cd5\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u653f\u5e9c\u5411\u5927\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ecf\u8d39\u6765\u5f00\u5c55\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u903b\u8f91\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6839\u636e\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u6f5c\u5728\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u5236\u9020\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u521b\u65b0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u88ab\u53d6\u4ee3\uff1a\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u539f\u56e0\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u8ff0\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u987a\u7545\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u88ab\u6279\u8bc4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u5207\u5b9e\u9645\u201d\u6216\u201c\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4e50\u89c2\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u201c\u94fe\u5f0f\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>who?\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the chain-linked model\u201c\u94fe\u5f0f\u6a21\u578b\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63d0\u51fa\u8005\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u65f6\u95f4\uff1aKlein &amp; Rosenberg (1986)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u56fe\u6807\u89e3\u6790\uff1a\u521b\u65b0\u662f\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\uff1a\u6f5c\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u53d1\u660e\u548c\u5206\u6790\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3001\u91cd\u65b0\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u9500\u3001\u9500\u552e\u548c\u8425\u9500\uff08\u89c1\u56fe2\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9636\u6bb5\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u53cd\u9988\u5faa\u73af\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6311\u6218\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>what\uff1f\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ece\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u5f88\u5c11\u5bfc\u81f4\u521b\u65b0\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6bcf\u5f53\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u54a8\u8be2\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u542f\u52a8\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8d1f\u8d23\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u586b\u8865\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u50a8\u5907\u6c60\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"584\" height=\"359\" src=\"https:\/\/edu.freezhao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9697\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u4ea7\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u73b0\u72b6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5206\u5de5\u5408\u4f5c\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f01\u4e1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u90a3\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6295\u8d44\u80e1\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u5feb\u901f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u653e\u5230\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5c06\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u9700\u6c42\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5f53\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u5b66\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u63d0\u4f9b\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5b66\u6821\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b66\u751f\u5229\u7528\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u5185\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e13\u653b\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u5438\u5f15\u5168\u7403\u5b66\u751f\u65b9\u9762\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4ea7\u751f\u77db\u76fe\uff1a\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u9884\u671f\u7684\u5229\u76ca\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u77db\u76fe\u4e00\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u662f\u4e13\u6ce8\u505a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u628a\u7cbe\u529b\u653e\u5728\u8003\u8651\u5176\u4ed6\u5e02\u573a\u5e94\u7528\u6027\u4e0a\u9762\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u56e0\u6b64\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u201c\u6ea2\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u5e26\u6765\u8d44\u91d1\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u516c\u53f8\u5185\u90e8\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u80e1\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u751f\u4ea7\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u548c\u8c03\u6574\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4f46\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u53c8\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5f03\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u6240\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u79ef\u7d2f\u81ea\u5df1\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e86\u89e3\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u4ece\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u90a3\u91cc\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-fgreen-color\"><strong>\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ed9\u94b1\u6295\u8d44\u7814\u53d1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u751f\u4ea7\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u53e6\u5916\u82b1\u94b1\u53bb\u5185\u90e8\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u5927\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u77e5\u6210\u679c\u6cc4\u9732\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u79d1\u6280\u843d\u4f0d\u800c\u60e8\u906d\u5012\u95ed\u3002<\/strong><\/mark><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77db\u76fe\u4e8c\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u907f\u5f00\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u664b\u5347\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u63a5\u53d7\u6765\u81ea\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u96c7\u5458\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8d5e\u52a9\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5206\u5305\u5546\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u9003\u907f\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5e94\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5c55\u4fdd\u6301\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5927\u5b66\u5185\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4eab\u53d7\u7740\u4f01\u4e1a\u8d5e\u52a9\u6765\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u653e\u4f4e\u59ff\u6001<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77db\u76fe\u4e09\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u4e8c\u6b21\u652f\u4ed8<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5f53\u5229\u7528\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u5b9e\u73b0\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u652f\u4ed8\u4e24\u6b21\u8d39\u7528\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u652f\u6301\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7a0e\u8d39\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5e94\u8fdb\u884c\u7b26\u5408\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u65f6\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5bf9\u6c61\u67d3\u635f\u5bb3\u6216\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77db\u76fe\u56db\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u524a\u5f31\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u529b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5f97\u6838\u5fc3\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u6027\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u88ab\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u4e25\u683c\u4fdd\u5bc6\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4ea4\u6d41\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4fdd\u5bc6\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d28\u91cf\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5de5\u4e1a\u9020\u6210\u957f\u671f\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e8c.\u4ea7\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u4e8c\u6218\u548c\u6218\u540e\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u53c2\u4e0e\u519b\u4e8b\u76f8\u5173\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u7814\u7a76<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8ba4\u53ef\uff1a\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u6709\u671b\u89e3\u51b3\u56fd\u5bb6\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7ed9\u4e0e\u91cd\u5927\u652f\u6301<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u652f\u6301\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5206\u6563\u7684\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201c\u5b9a\u5411\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u201d:\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4f1a\u6709\u8d44\u91d1\u6295\u5165\u503e\u5411\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8005\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5728\u6301\u7eed\u5347\u9ad8<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u9632\u6559\u80b2\u6d3b\u52a8\u589e\u52a0\u8054\u90a6\u5bf9\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d44\u52a9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c70\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5173\u7cfb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7531\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea7\u5b66\u7814\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1960 \u5e74\u4ee3\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u8f6c\u5411\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8054\u90a6\u8d44\u91d1\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u4f9d\u8d56\u5de5\u4e1a\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 70 \u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u5c06\u5927\u5b66\u89c6\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u518d\u4f9d\u8d56\u201c\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u578b\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u4e2d\u592e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u52a0\u5f3a\u6821\u4f01\u5408\u4f5c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5141\u8bb8\u5927\u5b66\u62e5\u6709\u4e13\u5229\u7684Bayh-Dole\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u590d\u5174<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5bf9\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u53d1\u548c\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u589e\u52a0\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e13\u5229\u5728\u52a0\u5f3a\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u4e86\u5e02\u573a\u654f\u611f\u6027\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u521b\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u6709\u671b\u76f4\u63a5\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5546\u4e1a\u4ea7\u54c1:\u5728\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u9886\u57df<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9ebb\u70e6\u6765\u4e86\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u8868\u793a\u62c5\u5fc3:\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8272\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ade\u4e89\u529b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\u6765\u6e90<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5230\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6765\u81ea\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u91d1\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66-\u5de5\u4e1a-\u653f\u5e9c\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u91d1\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6392\u540d\u9760\u524d\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4ece\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5c31\u51cf\u5f31\u4e86<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4ea7\u4e1a\u8d44\u52a9\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86 20%\u201325% \u7684\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79c1\u7acb\u548c\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u6784\u6210\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\u6765\u6e90\u5e76\u65e0\u592a\u5927\u5dee\u5f02<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u6bd4\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u66f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u975e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u5728\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u6240\u5360\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9ad8\u4e8e\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u5bf9\u5de5\u4e1a\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>5.\u5927\u5b66\u79d1\u6280\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5f3a\u8c03\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5408\u4f5c\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ea7\u4e1a\u754c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u4ea7\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8054\u90a6\u548c\u975e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\u5206\u914d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u975e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u6e90\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0b\u964d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u62e8\u7ed9\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u91d1\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5f00\u53d1\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7\u6821\u5916\u521b\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u5de5\u4f5c\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ea7\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5f00\u53d1\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u804c\u5458\u5de5\u6216\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u521d\u521b\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u6821\u5916\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6bcf\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6770\u51fa\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u83b7\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\u62e5\u6709\u9ad8\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u9ad8\u6821\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ece\u5f97\u5230\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u975e\u8425\u5229\u7ec4\u7ec7\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u591f\u591a\u7684\u9ad8\u6821\u5c31\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u83b7\u5f97\u7814\u53d1\u8d44\u91d1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>6.\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u5927\u5b66\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d5a\u53d6\u8bb8\u53ef\u6536\u5165\u6765\u8d44\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u5f71\u54cd\u5927\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5728\u4e13\u5229\u548c\u5546\u6807\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff08Bayh-Dole\u6cd5\u6848\uff09\u4e4b\u540e\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6388\u4e88\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5141\u8bb8\u5927\u5b66\u62e5\u6709\u8054\u90a6\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u91d1\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u8bb8\u53ef\u7ed9\u516c\u53f8<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e13\u5229\u7684\u6fc0\u589e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u7533\u8bf7\u4e13\u5229<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1980 \u5e74\u62dc\u675c\u6cd5\u6848\u9881\u5e03\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u5bf9\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u72ec\u5bb6\u8bb8\u53ef\u5728\u8bb8\u53ef\u516b\u5e74\u6216\u6210\u529f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u4e94\u5e74\u540e\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u4ee5\u5148\u5230\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u8bb8\u53ef\u6536\u8d2d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u4e25\u91cd\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u5927\u578b\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u5c06\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8be5\u9650\u5236\u4e8e 1984 \u5e74\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5927\u578b\u516c\u53f8\u6295\u4e86\u94b1\u7ed9\u5927\u5b66\u53bb\u505a\u7814\u53d1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u9700\u8981\u6bd4\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u662f\u6709\u9650\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u8d85\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e74\u9650\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u8fd8\u672a\u6210\u529f\u5c06\u5176\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e13\u5229\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u7ade\u6807\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u8ba9\u6295\u4e86\u94b1\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u7af9\u7bee\u6253\u6c34\u4e00\u573a\u7a7a\uff0c\u627f\u62c5\u4e86\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u4e5f\u6291\u5236\u4e86\u4ea7\u5b66\u7814\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u8d21\u732e\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4fdd\u6301\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5f3a\u8c03\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u884c\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea4\u6d41<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u90a3\u4e9b\u8f70\u52a8\u4e00\u65f6\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u901a\u5e38\u6765\u81ea\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ea7\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u4ea7\u751f\u8f70\u52a8\u4e00\u65f6\u7684\u4e13\u5229<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>7.\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4ea7\u5b66\u7814\u5173\u7cfb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\u4ea7\u5b66\u7814\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u52a0\u5f3a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5728\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ea7\u751f\u4e13\u5229\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>8.\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u5c0f\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u6cd5\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u521d\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u66f4\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u5546\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u8d21\u732e\u4e0d\u5927<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5b66\u4e0e\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u5c0f\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5c0f\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u9010\u6e10\u8fc7\u53bb\u5927\u5b66\u72ec\u5bb6\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\u6280\u672f\u589e\u52a0\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6bcf\u95f4\u516c\u53f8\u6295\u5165\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u516c\u53f8\u6570\u91cf\u591a\uff0c\u57fa\u6570\u5927<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u72ec\u5bb6\u8bb8\u53ef\u548c\u6280\u672f\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8bb8\u53ef\u6536\u5165\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8bb8\u53ef\u6536\u5165\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u5f88\u96be\u901a\u8fc7\u8bb8\u53ef\u6536\u5165\u4e3a\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u9884\u7b97\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8bb8\u53ef\u6536\u5165\uff1a\u5b66\u6821\u901a\u8fc7\u51fa\u552e\u6216\u8005\u8f6c\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u6210\u679c\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6536\u5165<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521d\u521b\u516c\u53f8\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u662f\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u521d\u521b\u5c0f\u516c\u53f8\u6216\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u4e2d\u7ea6\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u662f\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5f53\u516c\u53f8\u83b7\u5f97\u8bb8\u53ef\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u6295\u8d44\u4ee5\u5c06\u8be5\u6280\u672f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u53d1\u660e\u516c\u5f00\u4e0e\u4e13\u5229\u7533\u8bf7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5f88\u5f3a\uff0c\u4f46\u8bb8\u53ef\u6536\u5165\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u53d8\u91cf\u65e0\u5173\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5f88\u96be\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u9879\u53d1\u660e\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\u6536\u5165\u3002USGAO\uff081998 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class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u56ed\u533a\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7814\u7a76\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5236\u9020<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u884c\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e00\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d28\u91cf\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6765\u6765\u81ea\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6295\u5165\u8fd8\u662f\u5360\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5176\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u662f\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u516c\u53f8\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8005\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6295\u5165\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>10.\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5730\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6311\u6218\uff1a\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u4e9b\uff0c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f7f\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea4\u6362\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u672a\u6765\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u66ff\u4ee3\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5c06\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u5927\u5b66\u9644\u8fd1\u96c6\u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u5efa\u8bbe\u7814\u7a76\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u56ed\u533a\u5bf9\u533a\u57df\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6210\u529f\u56e0\u7d20\u662f:\u5177\u6709\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u578b\u5927\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f8b\u5b50:\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u6bd7\u90bb\u7684\u65af\u5766\u798f\u7814\u7a76\u56ed\u6210\u529f\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u4f17\u591a\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u7845\u8c37\u5730\u533a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9884\u7b97\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9884\u7b97\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u53f8\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u652f\u51fa\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u968f\u7740\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6ea2\u51fa\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0b\u964d\u901f\u5ea6\u6bd4\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u901f\u5ea6\u66f4\u5feb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u66f4\u5177\u516c\u76ca\u6027\uff08\u6ea2\u51fa\u6548\u5e94\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u8005\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u4ecd\u7136\u5f88\u91cd\u8981<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e26\u6765\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5730\u533a\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u52a0\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9884\u7b97\u8f7b\u677e\u589e\u52a0\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e09.\u5b66\u7814\u5408\u4f5c\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u8d22\u52a1\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u8d44\u91d1\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6b6a\u66f2\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5b58\u5728\u8d22\u52a1\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4fe1\u4efb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u627f\u8bfa\u51b2\u7a81\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8fc7\u591a\u6295\u5165\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5ffd\u89c6\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u76ca\u6027\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u4efb\u52a1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u4fdd\u5bc6\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8d5e\u52a9\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u6c42\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u63a8\u8fdf\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u516c\u5e03\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u516c\u53f8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e13\u5229\u6216\u51c6\u5907\u5546\u4e1a\u5316<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.\u51b2\u7a81\u5229\u76ca\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u63aa\u65bd<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u8981\u6c42\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u62a5\u544a\u8d22\u52a1\u5229\u76ca\u4ee5\u51cf\u8f7b\u8d22\u52a1\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u95ee\u9898<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u6301\u6709\u4eba\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u4f19\u4f34\u65f6\u8981\u516c\u6b63\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u5bf9\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6ca1\u6709\u8d22\u52a1\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u5229<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>5.\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u53d1\u8868\u548c\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u53d1\u8868\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u56e0\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u5bfc\u81f4\u5ef6\u8fdf\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5c11\u6570\u5927\u5b66\u5bf9\u53d1\u8868\u65f6\u95f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u9650\u5236<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>6.\u5927\u5b66\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u4f7f\u547d\u51b2\u7a81<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u5bf9\u8bb8\u53ef\u6536\u5165\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u8bb8\u53ef\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u9650\u5236<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e00\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8bb8\u53ef\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6cd5\u52a1\u5bfc\u5411\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u589e\u52a0\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5458\u5de5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>7.\u56fd\u5916\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u53c2\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u5de5\u4e1a\u5408\u4f5c\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u529b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u90e8\u5206\u4e13\u5229\u6388\u6743\u7ed9\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4f46\u5236\u9020\u8981\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fdb\u884c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5916\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u4e86\u89e3\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u56de\u56fd\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u7ade\u4e89<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5916\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u79d1\u7814\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d28\u91cf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>8.\u4e0d\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u62db\u751f\u7684\u9650\u5236\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5916\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u57281986\u5e74\u81f31994\u5e74\u95f4\u6709\u6240\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4f46\u57281990\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u6709\u6240\u589e\u52a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0d\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u62db\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u79d1\u7814\u8d28\u91cf\u548c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5229\u76ca<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u56db.\u7ed3\u8bba\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u542f\u793a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u5bf9\u5730\u533a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8d21\u732e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u548c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u8d21\u732e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u590d\u5174<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7cbe\u82f1\u5927\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u91d1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u673a\u5236<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u91cd\u89c6\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u5408\u4f5c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u6fc0\u52b1\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5927\u5b66\u4eba\u5458\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u5408\u4f5c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u89d2\u8272<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u57f9\u517b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u548c\u6559\u5e08<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u6559\u80b2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>5.\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ea7\u751f\u53d1\u660e\u3001\u4e13\u5229\u548c\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e0e\u533a\u57df\u4f01\u4e1a\u5408\u4f5c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u57f9\u517b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u548c\u6559\u5e08<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0d\u540c\u5927\u5b66\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u5408\u4f5c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>6.\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u671f\u671b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u671f\u671b\u548c\u9650\u5236<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.6\u300aIncubating and Networking Technology Commercialization Centers among Emerging, Developing, and Mature Technopoleis1 Worldwide\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u65b0\u5174\u6280\u672f\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u6280\u672f\u548c\u6210\u719f\u6280\u672f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b75\u5316\u548c\u8054\u7f51\u6280\u672f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6982\u8ff0\uff1a\u672c\u7ae0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4ee5\u53ca\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u57f9\u8bad\u65b9\u6848\u6765\u5229\u7528\u7f16\u7801\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u9690\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5168\u7403\u8054\u7cfb\u548c\u6760\u6746\u5316\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3( TCCs )\u52a0\u901f\u533a\u57df\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5171\u4eab\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u57fa\u4e8e\u533a\u57df\u7684\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u548c\u52a0\u901f\u589e\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e00.Introduction\u5f15\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u5f15\u8a00<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u6b63\u5728\u7f29\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u793e\u533a\u53c2\u4e0e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b9d\u8d35\u8d44\u6e90<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>21\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u5e94\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u533a\u57df\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e94\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u533a\u57df\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5229\u7528\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u57f9\u8bad\u8ba1\u5212\u52a0\u901f\u6280\u672f\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5168\u7403\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08TCCs\uff09\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e2d\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.TCCs(\u6280\u672f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3)\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u76ee\u6807<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5c06TCCs\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u8df5\u5b66\u4e60\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u57f9\u8bad\u63a8\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u548c\u5171\u540c\u7e41\u8363<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5728\u65b0\u5174\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u6210\u719f\u7684\u6280\u672f\u533a\u57df\u6216\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u6c47\u805a\u5546\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.\u73b0\u4ee3\u901a\u4fe1\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4f18\u52bf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u6d88\u9664\u80fd\u529b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5229\u7528\u73b0\u4ee3\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u901a\u4fe1\u6280\u672f\uff08ICT\uff09\u83b7\u53d6\u4eba\u624d\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7279\u522b\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5229\u7528\u4ee5\u524d\u53ea\u6709\u6210\u719f\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8d44\u6e90<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>5.\u5efa\u7acb\u5168\u7403\u8fde\u63a5\u7684TCCs\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u57fa\u5c42\u521b\u4e1a\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u652f\u6301\u5c0f\u578b\u548c\u4e2d\u578b\u6280\u672f\u4f01\u4e1a\uff08SMEs\uff09\u7684\u5168\u7403\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u57f9\u8bad\u8ba1\u5212<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>LIPs\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>6.\u793e\u533a\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u5173\u7cfb\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u867d\u7136\u7269\u7406\u63a5\u8fd1\u6027\u5728\u533a\u57df\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u793e\u533a\u5408\u4f5c\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u5efa\u8bbe\u4f9d\u7136\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e8c.Conceptual Background\u89c2\u5ff5\u80cc\u666f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u89c2\u5ff5\u53d1\u751f\u8f6c\u53d8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u8d22\u5bcc\u521b\u9020\u5f3a\u8c03\u7269\u8d28\u8d44\u4ea7\uff0c\u4f4621\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u79ef\u7d2f\u3001\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5f3a\u8c03\u6709\u5f62\u8d44\u4ea7\uff08\u8d44\u672c\u5b58\u91cf\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b20\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u5916\u5546\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u9996\u8981\u6218\u7565\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8fdb\u516521\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5f3a\u8c03\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u79ef\u7d2f\u3001\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u6269\u6563\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4f20\u7edf\u8d22\u5bcc\u521b\u9020\u5f3a\u8c03\u7269\u8d28\u8d44\u4ea7\uff0c\u4f4621\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u79ef\u7d2f\u3001\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u79fb\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77e5\u8bc6\u9769\u547d\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u201c\u5bcc\u8005\u6108\u5bcc\u3001\u7a77\u8005\u6108\u7a77\u201d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u79ef\u7d2f\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7406\u8bba<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u91c7\u7528\u3001\u79ef\u7d2f\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u5bf9\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u533a\u57df\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e09\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u79fb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77e5\u8bc6\u79ef\u7d2f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f7f\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4f20\u7edf\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u77e5\u8bc6\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff08\u53ef\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u548c\u6e7f\u4ef6\uff08\u9690\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8f6f\u4ef6\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f20\u8f93\u53d7\u5730\u7406\u8ddd\u79bb\u5f71\u54cd\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u6e7f\u4ef6\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f20\u8f93\u9700\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u63a5\u89e6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0\u67a2\u7ebd\uff08LIP\uff09\u8ba1\u5212<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>LIP\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u805a\u7126\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9009\u62e9\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6280\u672f\u548c\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u4f18\u52bf\u3001\u52a3\u52bf\u3001\u673a\u9047\u548c\u5a01\u80c1\uff08SWOT\uff09\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u662f\u8d22\u5bcc\u521b\u9020\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5efa\u7acb\u5168\u7403\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0\u7f51\u7edc\u4fc3\u8fdb\u533a\u57df\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.LIP\/TCC\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u539f\u5219<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdbsoftware\u8f6f\u4ef6\u548cwetware\uff08\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4eba\u8111\uff09\u6e7f\u4ef6\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u79ef\u7d2f\u3001\u6269\u6563\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u672c\u9879\u76ee\u9075\u5faa\u4e09\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5efa\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5c06\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u548c\u673a\u6784\u94fe\u63a5\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u5206\u4eab\u3001\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0\u6781\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7406\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7269\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u5c06\u53c2\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u5171\u4eab\u3001\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u6269\u6563\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u548c\u673a\u6784\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u81ea\u6211\u5f3a\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5faa\u73af<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u589e\u52a0\u6240\u6709\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u8f83\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7f51\u7edc\u8282\u70b9\u4e2d\u4ea4\u4e92\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b66\u4e60\u80fd\u529b\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8f83\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u901f\u7387\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u7f51\u7edc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9f13\u52b1\u548c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u672c\u5730\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u6743\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u57f9\u80b2\u533a\u57df&#8221;\u6240\u6709\u6743&#8221;\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6216\u6295\u8d44\u56de\u62a5\u3002\u5171\u540c\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u4eba\u7fc1\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u5728\u4e8e\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e09.Technology Commercialization Centers\u6280\u672f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u76ee\u6807:\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u9645\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u548c\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u533a\u57df\u51a0\u519b\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u6784\u5efa\u5168\u7403\u8054\u76df\u7684\u76ee\u6807<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7LIP\/TCC\u9879\u76ee\u5efa\u7acb\u7f51\u7edc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u957f\u671f\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77ed\u671f\u548c\u957f\u671f\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u805a\u7126<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>LIPs\u77e5\u8bc6\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u6311\u6218\u548c\u76ca\u5904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6311\u6218\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a. \u56fd\u5185\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6210\u529f\u548c\u672c\u571f\u504f\u89c1 ;b. \u4eba\u5458\u9650\u5236 ;c. \u8d44\u6e90\u6709\u9650; d. \u65f6\u95f4\u6709\u9650 ;e. \u5bf9\u5168\u7403\u5316\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u989d\u5916\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u6311\u6218\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5ea6\u6709\u9650 ;f. \u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6210\u529f\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u65e0\u77e5 ;g. \u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9650\u5236<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u76ca\u5904\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a. \u83b7\u53d6\u6240\u9700\u5173\u952e\u77e5\u8bc6; b. \u5168\u7403\u5e02\u573a\u51c6\u5165\u548c\u5229\u57fa\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u4f1a; c. \u83b7\u53d6\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6; d. \u51cf\u5c11\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u6d6a\u8d39\u8d44\u6e90;e. \u52a0\u5feb\u8fdb\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u6f5c\u529b\u6700\u5927\u5316; f. \u4e86\u89e3\u4f01\u4e1a\u5168\u7403\u4f18\u52bf\u3001\u52a3\u52bf\u3001\u673a\u4f1a\u548c\u5a01\u80c1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.LIP\/TCC\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u51a0\u519b\u5efa\u7acb\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5229\u7528\u73b0\u6709\u673a\u6784\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u533a\u57df\u57fa\u51c6\u8bc4\u4f30<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u533a\u57df\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a. \u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u548c\u672a\u6765\u4e1a\u52a1\u6d3b\u52a8\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4e13\u957f; b. \u533a\u57df\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4f18\u52bf\u548c\u8d44\u4ea7\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u4f18\u52bf; c. \u73b0\u6709\u533a\u57df\u521b\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30; d. \u533a\u57df\u5c0f\u578b\u3001\u4e2d\u578b\u548c\u5927\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u8bc4\u5206\u5361\uff08\u5c31\u4e1a\u3001\u6210\u7acb\u65e5\u671f\u3001\u5206\u62c6\u3001\u589e\u957f\u7b49\uff09; e. \u6d3b\u52a8\u65b0\u5174\u7fa4\u96c6\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u3001\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u548c\u603b\u90e8\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e;f. \u4e0e\u533a\u57df\u5173\u952e\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff08\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u3001\u5546\u754c\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u7684\u8bbf\u8c08\u548c\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u52a0\u6df1\u5bf9\u533a\u57df\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u952e\u7684\u672c\u5730\u51a0\u519b\u652f\u6301\u548c\u6240\u6709\u6743<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u6d3b\u52a8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5fc5\u8981\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u65b9\u9762\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a. \u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u53ef\u8861\u91cf\u76ee\u6807 ;b. \u5efa\u7acb\u5546\u4e1a\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb ;c. \u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u7279\u5b9a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u89c4\u5219<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u56db.Building Networks\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7f51\u7edc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.ICT\u4e2a\u4eba\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u8ba1\u5212<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ICT\u4e2a\u4eba\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u9879\u76ee\u5c06TCC\u8fde\u63a5\u6210\u7ef4\u6301\u6bcf\u4e2aLIP\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a. LIP\u7684\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u91cd\u8981\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>b. \u5efa\u7acbTCC\u7ad9\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u548c\u5176\u4ed6ICT\u94fe\u63a5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>c. \u5f3a\u8c03\u4fc3\u8fdbLIP\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> d. \u5bfb\u627e\u533a\u57df\u51a0\u519b\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.LIP\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u76ee\u6807<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a. \u5e02\u573a\u7f51\u7edc\u5316 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>b. \u8d44\u672c\u7f51\u7edc\u5316<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>c. \u4f01\u4e1a\u95f4\u8054\u7ed3\u7f51\u7edc\u5316 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d. \u6280\u672f\u652f\u6301\u7f51\u7edc\u5316 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>e. \u6269\u5927\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5316<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>f. \u4eba\u624d\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5316<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u4fc3\u8fdb\u77e5\u8bc6\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u8d44\u6e90<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a. \u6539\u5584\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u83b7\u53d6\u3001\u5438\u6536\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>b. \u6559\u80b2\u3001\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6539\u5584 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>c. \u672c\u5730\u6280\u672f\u57ce\u5e02\u7ba1\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d. \u786e\u5b9a\u6559\u80b2\u9700\u6c42\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u57f9\u8bad <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>e. \u4eba\u5458\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u4fc3\u8fdb <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>f. \u57f9\u517b\u672c\u5730\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u57f9\u8badIT\u4e13\u5bb6 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>g. \u4f18\u5316\u548c\u5171\u4eab\u8bbe\u65bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.LIP\/TCC\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u6307\u6807\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a. \u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u76ee\u6807 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>b. \u9762\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u76ee\u6807 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>c. \u9762\u5411\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u76ee\u6807<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e94.\u603b\u7ed3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5efa\u7acbLIP\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6761\u4ef6\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a. \u6709\u6548\u5229\u7528ICT\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb ;b. \u4fc3\u8fdb\u9690\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u91c7\u7eb3 ;c. \u533a\u57df\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u52a0\u901f\u865a\u62df\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u589e\u957f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u6761\u4ef6\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a. \u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u52a0\u901f\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u9020\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a ;b. \u7269\u7406\u548c\u865a\u62df\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u5728\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528 ;c. 21\u4e16\u7eaa\u65b0\u5174\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u533a\u57df\u6280\u672f\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20 ;d. \u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u5148\u8fdb\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u4ee5\u53ca&#8221;\u667a\u80fd&#8221;\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u96c6\u805a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u5730\u533a\u80fd\u5426\u8df3\u8fc7\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u5efa\u8bbe\u6280\u672f\u57ce\u5e02\u6240\u9700\u768420-40\u5e74\u53d1\u5c55\u5468\u671f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.7\u300aScience Parks A Triumph of Hype over Experience\u300b\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\uff1a\u7092\u4f5c\u6218\u80dc\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u80dc\u5229<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6587\u732e\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6027\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u8131\u8282\u3002\u5728\u7b80\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u7c7b\u578b\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5bf9\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u7406\u7531\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u5bf9\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u6000\u7591\u6001\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6d41\u884c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u6700\u540e\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u5411\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e00.\u5f15\u8a00<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u73b0\u72b6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5168\u7403\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u957f\u548c\u5206\u5e03\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b66\u672f\u6587\u732e\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u5728\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u66f4\u65b0\u65b9\u9762 \u7684\u6210\u679c\u548c\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u610f\u4e49<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u533a\u57df\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u534f\u540c\u6548\u5e94\u3001\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u58f0\u671b\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u3002 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u672a\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6311\u6218\u548c\u673a\u9047\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e8c.\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u547d\u540d\u65b9\u5f0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u63cf\u8ff0\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u591a\u6837\u6027\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u79cd\u7c7b\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u663e\u8457\u589e\u957f\u548c\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u6982\u5ff5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5f3a\u8c03\u529f\u80fd\u63cf\u8ff0\u800c\u975e\u52a8\u673a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u76ee\u7684<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u53d1\u5c55\u60c5\u51b5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u63cf\u8ff0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u6f14\u53d8\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u6f14\u53d8\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6307\u51fa\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u65af\u5766\u798f\u7814\u7a76\u56ed\u533a\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u4e09\u89d2\u56ed\u533a\u7b49 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> \u5f3a\u8c03\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u80fd\u529b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> \u884c\u4e1a\u548c\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8bf4\u660e\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u52a8\u56e0\uff0c\u5982\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u548c\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7b56\u7565\u53d7\u5230\u5730\u7406\u548c\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u548c\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u63cf\u8ff0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uff08\u5217\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e3a\u521d\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u652f\u6301\u548c\u57f9\u80b2\u73af\u5883\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u56ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u529e\u516c\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u5bfc\u5e08\u6307\u5bfc\u3001\u8d44\u91d1\u652f\u6301\u7b49\u521b\u4e1a\u8d44\u6e90<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u521d\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6210\u957f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6280\u672f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u56ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u8bbe\u65bd\u3001\u6280\u672f\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u652f\u6301<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6280\u672f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5b75\u5316\u548c\u53d1\u5c55<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u56ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u63d0\u4f9b\u521b\u65b0\u5408\u4f5c\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u5e73\u53f0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u79d1\u6280\u521b\u65b0\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u533a\u57df\u5408\u4f5c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5546\u4e1a\u56ed\u548c\u9ad8\u54c1\u8d28\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u529e\u516c\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u7684\u56ed\u533a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5438\u5f15\u5927\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u5236\u9020<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e09.Historical Context\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff08\u65f6\u4ee3\u9700\u6c42\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff09\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7740\u91cd\u5f3a\u8c03\u6e2f\u53e3\u3001\u6c34\u9053\u548c\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5e03\u5c40\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff08\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff09\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u968f\u7740\u822a\u7a7a\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u673a\u573a\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53d8\u5f97\u91cd\u8981<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u5e03\u5c40\u968f\u7740\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u8c03\u6574<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u662f\u5bf9\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u54cd\u5e94<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u7279\u5f81<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1896\u5e74\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u6d41\u884c\u8d77\u6765<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u8fd0\u8425\u7279\u5f81\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\u4ee5\u8fd0\u8425\u7279\u5f81\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\uff0c\u5982\u5168\u9762\u89c4\u5212\u3001\u5206\u533a\u3001\u79df\u6237\u5165\u9a7b\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u3001\u76c8\u5229\u80fd\u529b\u7b49<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u79df\u6237\u6253\u9020\u6700\u4f73\u73af\u5883\u7684\u9879\u76ee<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u5bf9\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u73b0\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u9700\u6c42<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u9010\u6e10\u878d\u5408\u5546\u4e1a\u529f\u80fd\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u65b0\u5174\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u9700\u6c42<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5546\u4e1a\u5730\u4ea7\u5f00\u53d1\u5546\u8bd5\u56fe\u53cd\u6620\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u6765\u63a8\u9500\u548c\u89c4\u5212\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u6ee1\u8db3\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u53d8\u5316\u4ea7\u4e1a\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u9700\u6c42<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u56fd\u5bb6\u5dee\u5f02\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5b9a\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e3b\u8981\u672f\u8bed\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u7c7b\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u63cf\u8ff0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e3a\u521d\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u652f\u6301\u548c\u57f9\u80b2\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u533a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u529e\u516c\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u5bfc\u5e08\u6307\u5bfc\u3001\u8d44\u91d1\u652f\u6301\u7b49\u521b\u4e1a\u8d44\u6e90<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u521d\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6210\u957f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6280\u672f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56db.\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u6df7\u7528\u548c\u533a\u5206\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668&#8221;\u3001&#8221;\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3&#8221;\u3001&#8221;\u5546\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u5fc3&#8221;\u3001&#8221;\u6280\u672f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668&#8221;\u548c&#8221;\u521b\u65b0\u4e2d\u5fc3&#8221;\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6df7\u7528<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u96be\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u822c\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u548c\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u578b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u521b\u4e1a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6280\u672f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u5b75\u5316\u5668<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u7684\u7279\u5f81<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u65bd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6548\u7387<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u3001\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f4d\u4e8e\u65e7\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u5177\u5907\u6700\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u5546\u4e1a\u54a8\u8be2\u7f51\u7edc\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5982\u4ea7\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u8425\u9500\u3001\u8d22\u52a1\u548c\u670d\u52a1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u52a9\u7684\u5e73\u53f0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u6280\u672f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u670d\u52a1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u5c06\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5546\u4e1a\u8ba1\u5212\u6838\u5fc3\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u65b0\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f4f\u5bbf\u548c\u652f\u6301\u6027\u3001\u4ee5\u589e\u957f\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u73af\u5883<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> \u5728\u670d\u52a1\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u670d\u52a1\uff1aa.\u63d0\u4f9b\u6539\u5584\u521b\u4e1a\u8005\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u8ba1\u5212 ;b. \u5305\u542b\u5f53\u5730\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u719f\u7ec3\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u987e\u95ee\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7f51\u7edc ;c.\u63d0\u4f9b\u6280\u672f\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u57f9\u8bad; d.\u63d0\u4f9b\u8bc4\u4f30\u3001\u54a8\u8be2\u548c\u8f6c\u4ecb\u670d\u52a1; e.\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u5982\u7279\u9080\u6f14\u8bb2\u548c\u53c2\u89c2\uff09; f.\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u878d\u8d44\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5efa\u8bae; g.\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e13\u5229\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u5efa\u8bae<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u4e0e\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u548c\u6280\u672f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u7684\u533a\u522b:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u65e8\u5728\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u5efa\u7acb\u4f01\u4e1a\u6216\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u96c6\u805a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u4e5f\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb\u76ee\u6807\u76f8\u5173\u8054<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;\u7814\u7a76\u56ed\u533a&#8221;\u3001&#8221;\u79d1\u5b66\u56ed\u533a&#8221;\u548c&#8221;\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a&#8221;\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e92\u76f8\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u533a\u522b\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u53d8\u5f97\u6a21\u7cca<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;\u7814\u7a76\u56ed\u533a&#8221;\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>-\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u3001\u4f4e\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u7269\u7406\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u516c\u56ed\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e94.\u79d1\u5b66\u56ed\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u76ee\u6807<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5730\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u57ce\u5e02\u6216\u533a\u57df\u66f4\u65b0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ece\u5927\u5b66\u5411\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u9020\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u521b\u65b0\u73af\u5883<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u52a8\u673a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u91cd\u65b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u533a\u57df\u53d1\u5c55<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u534f\u540c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u521b\u9020<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5730\u65b9\u57ce\u5e02\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5206\u6563\u5316\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\u60c5\u51b5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u82f1\u56fd\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u57ce\u5e02\u91cd\u5efa\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u673a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u5efa\u7acb\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u97e9\u56fd\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u79d1\u6280\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ece\u9996\u90fd\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5730\u65b9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79c1\u4eba\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u4e86\u6536\u5165\u800c\u653e\u5bbd\u5165\u9a7b\u6761\u4ef6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u79d1\u6280\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7f51\u7edc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u76ee\u6807\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ece\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u5411\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u79fb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u6709\u53cc\u5411\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u6d41\u52a8<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u76ee\u524d\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5355\u5411\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5546\u4e1a\u5316<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u6f5c\u529b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6f5c\u529b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79c1\u4eba\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u4e86\u6536\u5165\u800c\u653e\u5bbd\u5165\u9a7b\u6761\u4ef6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>5.\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u548c\u58f0\u8a89<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u89c6\u89d2\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u8425\u9500\u5de5\u5177<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u5438\u5f15\u6295\u8d44<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u5438\u5f15\u6295\u8d44\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u76ee\u6807<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u516d.Assessments\u8bc4\u4f30<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u590d\u6742\u56e0\u7d20\u5bfc\u81f4\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u8bc4\u4f30\u56f0\u96be<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b9a\u4e49\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u6df7\u5408\u6d3b\u52a8\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5bfc\u81f4\u96be\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u88ab\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u6df7\u5408\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6280\u672f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08TBI\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u591a\u6837\u6027\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u4f7f\u8bc4\u4f30\u53d8\u5f97\u56f0\u96be<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u653f\u6cbb\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8bb8\u591a\u56ed\u533a\u9879\u76ee\u5f97\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u516c\u5171\u5021\u8bae<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5177\u6709\u516c\u5171\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u56ed\u533a\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u957f\u671f\u653f\u7b56\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5355\u7eaf\u57fa\u4e8e\u5546\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u4f30\u53d8\u5f97\u56f0\u96be<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5b66\u672f\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8fc7\u53bb\u5341\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u6279\u8bc4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4e89\u8bba<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u6548\u679c\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u56f0\u5883<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u6a21\u578b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u652f\u6301\u8005\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9002\u7528\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u6a21\u578b\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u610f\u89c1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u653f\u6cbb\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5e72\u6270\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u8bef\u89e3\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u652f\u6301\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u5207\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7f8e\u56fdSPA 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class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u91c7\u7528\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u5176\u6210\u529f\u6027<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6a21\u4eff\u7845\u8c37\u6a21\u5f0f\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u4e00\u5b9a\u6210\u529f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u548c\u5c40\u9650<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u586b\u8865\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4f01\u4e1a\u613f\u610f\u5165\u9a7b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4f46\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u6ce8\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u5f00\u53d1\u800c\u975e\u6280\u672f\u3001\u4ea7\u4e1a\u6216\u533a\u57df\u53d1\u5c55\u653f\u7b56<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u6279\u8bc4\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u9274\u4e8e\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4f30\u5176\u89d2\u8272<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4.\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\u7845\u8c37\u79d1\u5b66\u56ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8bd5\u56fe\u56fe\u590d\u5236\u6216\u6a21\u62df\u7845\u8c37\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u56ed\u533a\u8def\u7ebf\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u7f3a\u9677\u65b9\u5f0f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e3a\u7845\u8c37\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u4e00\u76f4\u8bef\u89e3\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u7845\u8c37\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7845\u8c37\u6a21\u578b\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8bef\u89e3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7845\u8c37\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u7845\u8c37\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e03.\u7ed3\u8bba<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u4e89\u8bae<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u80cc\u666f\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u4e8650\u591a\u5e74\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u6280\u672f\u548c\u533a\u57df\u53d1\u5c55\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5e38\u89c4\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u6570\u91cf\u6b63\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u957f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u671f\u671b\u4e0e\u4e89\u8bae\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8bb8\u591a\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u548c\u5546\u754c\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u5bc4\u4e88\u539a\u671b\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5938\u5927\u5ba3\u4f20\u800c\u975e\u5b9e\u8d28\u7684\u201c\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u5e7b\u60f3\u201d\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u76f8\u540c\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6d6a\u8d39\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u5730\u70b9\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5de5\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u8f89\u714c\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u57fa\u4e8e\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5148\u9a71\uff0c\u610f\u89c1\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u5c1a\u65e0\u5b9a\u8bba\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79ef\u6781\u652f\u6301\u548c\u5f15\u5bfc\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7ba1\u7406\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>how\uff1f\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u9f13\u52b1\u56ed\u533a\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u66f4\u9891\u7e41\u3001\u66f4\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6b63\u5f0f\u548c\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u8054\u7cfb\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u79ef\u6781\u652f\u6301\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5408\u4f5c\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5229\u7528\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7f51\u7edc\u63d0\u4f9b\u9644\u52a0\u4ef7\u503c\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5c06\u73b0\u6709\u548c\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7f51\u7edc\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3a\u56ed\u533a\u79df\u6237\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u8425\u9500\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u8054\u7cfb\u3001\u6280\u672f\u652f\u6301\u548c\u5546\u52a1\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u9644\u52a0\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f7f\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u79df\u6237\u53d7\u76ca\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u5730\u533a\u73af\u5883\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u878d\u5408\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u79ef\u6781\u5229\u7528\u5176\u7a7a\u95f4\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e92\u52a8\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ef4\u6301\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5f62\u8c61\u4e0e\u5468\u56f4\u521b\u65b0\u73af\u5883\u8131\u8282\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u67d0\u4e9b\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\uff0c\u5982\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u79d1\u6280\u533a\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e0e\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u533a\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u65b0\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u6280\u672f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\uff09\u6216\u73af\u5883\u76ee\u6807\u4e3a\u91cd\u70b9\u7684\u65b0\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4fc3\u8fdb\u66f4\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u56ed\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u52a0\u5f3a\u56ed\u533a\u79df\u6237\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u79df\u6237\u4e0e\u76f8\u5173\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ebf\u6027\u521b\u65b0\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\u89c6\u89d2\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5c06\u521b\u65b0\u89c6\u89d2\u4ece\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u5f0f\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u521b\u9020\u3001\u83b7\u53d6\u548c\u5904\u7406\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63a8\u52a8\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u5728\u5bfb\u6c42\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u548c\u7ee9\u6548\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u7684\u672a\u6765\u524d\u666f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u652f\u6301\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e3e\u63aa\u5e94\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a\u5bfb\u6c42\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u548c\u7ee9\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5e94\u6307\u671b\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u89e3\u7b54\u6807\u9898\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u65e2\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10.1 \u300aChallenges in Innovation Management\u300b\u521b\u65b0\u7ba1\u7406\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u521b\u65b0\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u4efb\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u66f4\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u9664\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u51c6\u5907\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u66f4\u65b0\u5b83\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u521b\u9020\u548c\u4ea4\u4ed8\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5b83\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u52a8\u8361\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u597d\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u7ba1\u7406\u6210\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6218\u7565\u4efb\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u521b\u65b0\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fc5\u987b\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e00.Introduction\u5f15\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bba\u8bc1\u7ed3\u8bba:\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u529f\u5730\u521b\u65b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e8c.What Has to be Managed?\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u8981\u7ba1\u5417\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;management innovation \u521b\u65b0\u7ba1\u7406&#8221;,\u6700\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1athe successful exploitation of new ideas\u2019.&#8221;\u6210\u529f\u5229\u7528\u65b0\u601d\u60f3&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u5728\u5c06\u60f3\u6cd5\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5fc5\u987b\u7ba1\u7406\u56db\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9636\u6bb5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u9636\u6bb5\u4e00\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u626b\u63cf\u548c\u641c\u7d22\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5904\u7684\u73af\u5883((internal and external\u5185\u90e8\u548c\u5916\u90e8)\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u53d6\u548c\u5904\u7406\u5173\u4e8e\u6f5c\u5728\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff1b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9636\u6bb5\u4e8c\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ece\u8fd9\u5957\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u89e6\u53d1\u56e0\u7d20\u4e2d\u7b56\u7565\u6027\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u90a3\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f1a\u6295\u5165\u8d44\u6e90\u53bb\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9636\u6bb5\u4e09\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u540e\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9700\u8981\u4e3a\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1 &#8211; -\u63d0\u4f9b(\u8981\u4e48\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u53d1\u521b\u9020,\u8981\u4e48\u901a\u8fc7\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb\u83b7\u53d6)\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u5229\u7528\u5b83<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9636\u6bb5\u56db\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u521b\u65b0\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u63a8\u51fa- -\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u5e02\u573a\u573a\u6240\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u77db\u76fe<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4e4b\u8c1c\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u7a81\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u5f00\u53d1\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u548c\u6b63\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e09.\u5fc5\u987b\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6311\u6218<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1.Challenge 1: Why Change?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5730\u4f4d\uff1a\u521b\u65b0\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u539f\u5730\u8e0f\u6b65\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u7ec8\u5c06\u6d88\u5931\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6d2a\u6d41\u5f53\u4e2d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u53f8\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u957f\u671f\u7684<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sustained competitive advantage exhibit\u516c\u53f8\u4fdd\u6301\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4f18\u52bf\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>timely responsiveness\u53ca\u65f6\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u80fd\u529b\u548crapid product innovation\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cathe management capability\u6709\u6548\u534f\u8c03\u548credeploy internal and external \u91cd\u65b0\u90e8\u7f72\u5185\u5916\u90e8\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u80fd\u529b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u73b0\u5b9e\u77db\u76fe\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0d\u5584\u4e8e\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u5e76\u56de\u5e94\u6301\u7eed\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u80fd\u529b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2.Challenge 2: What to Change?\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u4ec0\u4e48<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f- -\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u3001\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5230\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6bd4\u5982\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u6539\u53d8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ea7\u54c1\u548c\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f(\u8fc7\u7a0b\u521b\u65b0)\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u6620\u7279\u5b9a\u4f9b\u517b\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u719f\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6295\u653e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d89\u53ca\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1(\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af, 2001)\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u5fc3\u667a\u6a21\u578b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f01\u4e1a\u8981\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u521b\u65b0\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5e7f\u9614\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5f00\u53d1\u6709\u6548\u8986\u76d6\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u3001\u5e73\u8861\u98ce\u9669\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u6218\u7565\u7ec4\u5408\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3.Challenge 3: Understanding Innovation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ba1\u7406\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4.Challenge 4: Building an Innovation Culture\u6784\u5efa\u521b\u65b0\u6587\u5316<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u662f\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u7684\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u53f8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u5408\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5176\u4ed6\u91c7\u7528\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u540c\u6837\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u590d\u5236\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u95ee\u9898\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u7cdf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u60ef\u4f8b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u60ef\u4f8b\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u590d\u5236\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u88ab\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u60ef\u4f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5076\u7136\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u67d0\u4e8b\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u6216\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>5.Challenge 5: Continuous Learning\u6301\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f01\u4e1a\u9700\u8981\u5236\u5b9a\u60ef\u4f8b\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u521b\u65b0\u8bae\u7a0b\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60ef\u4f8b\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4ece\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u76f2\u76ee\u590d\u5236\u548c\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u522b\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u597d\u505a\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u60ef\u4f8b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u624d\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u590d\u73b0\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5173\u4e8e&#8221;\u826f\u597d\u5b9e\u8df5&#8221;\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u77e5\u8bc6\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8981\u4f7f\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u91c7\u7eb3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u5851\u9020\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4f01\u4e1a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60ef\u4f8b\u4e0a\u8fdb\u5316\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53d8\u4f53\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u89e3\u51b3\u4ea7\u54c1\u521b\u65b0\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Moving Frontier\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9759\u6001\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u8c1c\u9898\u96c6\u5408\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4f01\u4e1a\u5fc5\u987b\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5e76\u627e\u5230\u9002\u5408\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c1c\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u968f\u7740\u8c1c\u9898\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u7ee7\u7eed\u524d\u8fdb\u3002 <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>6.Challenge 6: High Involvement Innovation\u9ad8\u53c2\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u8131\u79bb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd0\u8425\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8fd9\u91cc\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u5bf9&#8221;\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5&#8221;\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5- -\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7b49- -\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u521b\u65b0\u4e13\u5bb6\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5e72\u6270\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7834\u574f\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8fd9\u79cd&#8221;\u5934&#8221;\u4e0e&#8221;\u624b&#8221;\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u5728\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u548c\u7b49\u7ea7\u6027\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u88ab\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u84dd\u56fe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u521b\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fdc\u79bb\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u589e\u91cf\u521b\u65b0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e13\u5bb6\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8865\u5145\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5728\u521b\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u52a8\u5458\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u662f\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u672a\u7ecf\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u660e\u663e\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6311\u6218\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u5f3a\u5316\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>continuous improvement (CI)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f00\u59cb\u6784\u5efa\u9ad8\u5377\u5165\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\uff08P768\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>7.Challenge 7: Dealing with Discontinuity\u5904\u7406\u201c\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;doing what we do better&#8221;+&#8221;doing differently&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5f88\u591a\u521b\u65b0\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd&#8221;\u7a33\u6001&#8221;\u6d3b\u52a8\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b83\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u53d8\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u53d8\u5316\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u589e\u91cf\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d- &#8211; &#8220;\u505a\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5&#8221;\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5148\u662f\u5e7f\u6492\u7f51\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u7cbe\u51c6\u63a2\u7d22\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8fd9\u79cd\u521b\u65b0\u6a21\u5f0f\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a&#8221;\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861&#8221;\uff0c\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u7269\u79cd\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6211\u4eec\u7ec4\u7ec7\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u539f\u59cb\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u5de5\u827a\u6982\u5ff5\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4fe1\u5c01\u5185\u4fdd\u6301\u6e90\u6e90\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u589e\u91cf\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>8.Challenge 8: Managing Connections<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;\u865a\u62df\u4f01\u4e1a&#8221;\u3001&#8221;\u65e0\u8fb9\u754c\u7ec4\u7ec7&#8221;\u548c&#8221;\u7f51\u7edc\u516c\u53f8&#8221;\u662f\u6b63\u5728\u5c1d\u8bd5\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u56f4\u7ed5\u521b\u65b0\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2d\u7684&#8221;\u826f\u597d\u5b9e\u8df5&#8221;\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5bf9\u5355\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4f46\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u521b\u65b0\u7ba1\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4ea4\u6d41\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u662f\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u5171\u4eab\u77e5\u8bc6\u8d44\u6e90\u4ee5\u5f00\u53d1\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u90fd\u5728\u8f6c\u5411\u7ba1\u7406\u4f01\u4e1a\u95f4\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u52a8\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u2014\u2014\u4e2a\u4f53\u63a8\u52a8\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u63d0\u5347\u53c8\u4f1a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e2a\u4f53\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u6269\u5927\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5373\u201dthe whole\u2014the network\u201c\u6574\u4f53-\u7f51\u7edc\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5927\u4e8e\u5176\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u548c\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u4f7f\u80fd\u8f93\u5165\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u884c\u4e3a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981\u57288\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u9886\u57df\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u60ef\u4f8b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u51b3\u7b56\u3001\u89e3\u51b3\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u83b7\u53d6\u3001\u52a8\u673a\/\u627f\u8bfa\u3001\u98ce\u9669\/\u5229\u76ca\u5171\u4eab\u3001\u96c6\u6210<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56db.conclusion\u603b\u7ed3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f01\u4e1a\u672c\u8eab\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6311\u6218\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u4efb\u52a1\u5728\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u521b\u65b0\u60ef\u4f8b\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f- &#8211; &#8220;\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u505a\u4e8b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f&#8221;\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e00\u4e9b\u60ef\u4f8b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6- -\u5982\u679c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6ca1\u6709\u673a\u5236\u6765\u6536\u96c6\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u957f\u671f\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5176\u5c06\u521b\u65b0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u673a\u5236\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u53d1\u660e\u662f\u5173\u952e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c06\u662f\u65b0\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95f4\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6d41\u7a0b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e00\u65e6\u4f01\u4e1a\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u521b\u65b0\u7684&#8221;\u57fa\u672c\u6280\u80fd&#8221;\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u770b\u5b83\u80fd\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5438\u5f15\u5168\u5458\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7ba1\u7406\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u521b\u9020\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><meta charset=\"utf-8\">\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u56fe Infographic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full img-border\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/edu.freezhao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/1_\u753b\u677f-1-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10180\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comments<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8fc7\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u5145\u5b9e\uff0c\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8001\u5e08\u5206\u4eab\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u9ad8\u6548\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u5206\u6790\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6211\u4e0b\u4e2a\u5b66\u671f\u7684\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bba\u6587\u64b0\u5199\u6253\u4e0b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u975e\u5e38\u559c\u6b22\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e0a\u8bfe\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ca\u5750\u4f4d\u6392\u5e03\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5706\u684c\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u4e0a\u8bfe\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u8001\u5e08\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u611f\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u6bcf\u8282\u8bfe\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u5206\u4eab\u53ca\u8001\u5e08\u70b9\u8bc4\uff0c\u4f7f\u8bfe\u5802\u6c1b\u56f4\u8f7b\u677e\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u62d8\u8c28\u611f\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u559c\u6b22\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5b9e\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u8001\u5e08\u4e4b\u540e\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u56e0\u8981\u6682\u505c\u5f00\u8bbe\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\u771f\u7684\u4f1a\u63a8\u8350\u7ed9\u5927\u4e8c\u7684\u5b66\u5f1f\u5b66\u59b9\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u539f\u6587<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Shavinina, L. V. (Ed.). (2003). <em>The International Handbook on Innovation<\/em> (1st edition). Pergamon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The International Handbook on Innovation 10\/14 \u672c\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u62ec5\u7bc7\u6587 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":279,"featured_media":10180,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[464,44],"tags":[1081,1012,1006,1010,1008,1004,901,1011,1026,1013,1015,1002,1001,1009,873,1024,1007,1027,1005,1003,998],"class_list":["post-9933","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-original-course","category-ials","tag-1081","tag-adoption","tag-commercialization","tag-diffusion","tag-entrepreneurship","tag-incubation","tag-innovation","tag-knowledge-creation","tag-learning","tag-networking","tag-science-parks","tag-technological-change","tag-1001","tag-1009","tag-873","tag-1024","tag-1007","tag-1027","tag-1005","tag-1003","tag-998"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - 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